Appendix B — Glossary of Abbreviations

This glossary lists every abbreviation used in this manual, in alphabetical order. It is built as a running list, and updated each time a new chapter introduces a new term.

AIN — Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia — a precancerous change linked to high-risk HPV infection, described in Chapter 24

CT — Computed Tomography — used for urgent imaging when intra-abdominal or pelvic injury is suspected, described in Chapter 23

DRE — Digital Rectal Examination

EAS — External Anal Sphincter

GSP-SPCI — Global Science Portal for Surgical, Procedural and Clinical Innovations — the open- access journal founded by the author, referenced in this manual as the intended home for dedicated case reports arising from its techniques

GTN — Glyceryl Trinitrate — a topical ointment used to relax the internal sphincter in the chemical treatment of fissure-in-ano

HIV — Human Immunodeficiency Virus — post-exposure prophylaxis is considered after sexual assault, described in Chapter 23

HPV — Human Papillomavirus — causes condylomata acuminata (anal warts); high-risk types are linked to anal intraepithelial neoplasia, described in Chapter 24

HSV — Herpes Simplex Virus — causes herpes proctitis, described in Chapter 24

IAS — Internal Anal Sphincter

LGV — Lymphogranuloma Venereum — a severe form of chlamydial proctitis needing a longer treatment course, described in Chapter 24

LIFT — Ligation of the Intersphincteric Fistula Tract — a sphincter-preserving surgical technique for fistula-in-ano

MRI — Magnetic Resonance Imaging — used for fistulogram, defecography, and other complex anorectal imaging throughout this manual

NAAT — Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing — the standard diagnostic swab test for gonorrhoea and chlamydia, described in Chapter 24

OASI — Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injury — a tear of the anal sphincter complex occurring during vaginal delivery, graded by degree (1st-4th); described fully in Chapter 21

OPB-BIG — Bhandari's Index-Guided (BIG) Vessel-Sealer Haemorrhoidectomy — the author's technique for giant haemorrhoids, using a vessel-sealing energy device with the surgeon's index finger placed in the anal canal to guide and protect the dissection

OPB Grading of Anal Canal Stenosis — the author's own grading system for anal canal narrowing, of any cause, assessed under spinal anaesthesia using calibrated anal dilators

OPB-MOLIS (MOLIS) — Modified Open Lateral Internal Sphincterotomy — Dr. O. P. Bhandari's own technique, named after him, and commonly shortened to MOLIS in the text

PCR — Polymerase Chain Reaction — used to confirm herpes simplex virus infection from a viral swab, described in Chapter 24

STARR — Stapled Trans-Anal Rectal Resection — a stapled procedure for rectocele and coexisting intussusception, described in Chapter 16

STI — Sexually Transmitted Infection — screening and prophylaxis discussed in Chapters 23 and 24